Can Exercise Make You Fat?

This surprising claim was made in a recent issue of Time Magazine (Aug 17, 2009) in an article entitled "The Myth About Exercise." In the article, the author explains, with the illustration of a few research studies, that it appears that those who spend hours a week huffing and puffing and sweating away their time and energy at the gym are no more or less likely to release excess weight than those who don't participate in any structured exercise routine. Is this just an attention grabbing headline article to stimulate magazine sales? It does seem to fly in the face of everything we've ever been told about how to release excess body fat: eat less, move more. What about all those extra calories we're burning in the gym (or on the road or in the pool or on the court)? Don't tell me that was all for nothing!??!

The conclusions the researchers are drawing to explain their findings (again, based only on a couple of formal studies; beyond that anecdotal evidence is used) are:

• Exercise stimulates hunger, so we eat more to compensate for the extra calories we burned; in fact intense exercise could make weight release harder, as it could make us lose control of our appetites, leading us to hit McDonald's for some french fries or Starbucks for a 400 calorie muffin after our workouts.
  
• By performing "purposeful" exercise (ie: exercise you do on purpose for the sake of getting exercise, gaining fitness or for weight release), we may also compensate for that extra calorie burn by reducing our "casual" exercise (ie: regular movement that may be done throughout the day such as walking, taking stairs, carrying groceries, cleaning the house, doing yardwork, or playing recreational sports).
  
• The author states that "After we exercise, we often crave sugary calories like those in muffins or "sports" drinks like Gatorade."
• Our perception of the amount of food we can "afford" to eat becomes inflated; we may feel that because we exercise so much, we can eat carte blanche and not have to worry about it.
  

Now, I'm not going to flat-out refute these points, but I am going to argue against them. Yes, when we exercise, our energy requirements to maintain our weight increases. In other words, we can eat more and maintain our current weight. If we want to release excess weight, we do still require a caloric deficit, and exercise can help us to create that.... IF we do not overcompensate by eating as much or more than we burn. Of course if you go and eat french fries and muffins, and Chocolate Frappuccinos you're not going to reduce your body fat. Putting some numbers behind it to help illustrate the point, the article gives the example of a blueberry muffin, at 360 calories. To burn that off, a 154 pound 30 year old female will need to jog for a half hour at 5mph, vacuum for an hour and a half, bike ride for 1.25 hours, or mow the lawn for an hour. Exercise may help prevent you from gaining extra weight in that case, but your weight release goals will be reached very slowly if at all. This article really highlights what we've been told in recent years: Weight release is about 20% exercise, and 80% food. Don't fool yourself that exercise gives you free reign.

While the author states that we often crave sugary foods after exercising, in fact the opposite is more likely. While you may have strong hunger after a hard workout (although many people, myself included, often have little appetite after a hard workout), exercise is not likely to stimulate a craving for sugars in particular. What stimulates a craving for sugar, in fact, is eating sugar. If you make wise selections focusing on complex carbohydrates (whole grains, fruits, veggies, and beans/legumes), adequate amounts of protein, healthy fats, and stay well hydrated, you will not crave for sugar. Exercise, in fact, will minimize your cravings for sugar. Sugar is often craved due to its effect on the reward centres of the brain, stimulating "feel good" neurotransmitters to be released. Exercise does the same thing, stimulating the release of endorphins to increase pleasure, relaxation, and feelings of contentment. Exercising can be an effective means for reducing sugar cravings.

In addition, as I'm sure many of you will attest, when you make the effort to workout, it often reinforces your commitment to healthy living. It improves your mood and you feel more inclined to take the time to take care of yourself with healthy food choices too. Speaking from personal experience, as well as experience of people I've known and seen in the gym myself, I'm going to default to my common sense here: Exercise supports my goals of managing my weight. I feel stronger, I'm fitter, my mood is better, I sleep better, my cravings are reduced, I think more clearly, and yes, I burn SOME extra calories.

The author does also mention that psychologist Dr Kelly Brownell, a longtime expert in the study of obesity who treated obese patients at a lab at Yale, found that while only 5% of participants could keep the weight off, those 5% were also more likely to regularly exercise than those who regained the weight. He states that if he were to run this lab today, he would probably orient the focus more toward food choices than emphasizing exercise, but fails to explain his rationale for that.

The case is made for exercise as beneficial for health purposes, stating that "people who regularly exercise are at significantly lower risk for all manner of diseases - those of the heart in particular." The risk of cancer, diabetes, and heart disease (the big three killers in North America) are all significantly reduced through exercise. As well, cognitive function is 30% more likely to be maintained, and chronic back pain is reduced by 36%. However, all out sweaty exertion in a gym is not necessarily required to gain those benefits. Simply adding more movement into your daily activity can "enhance various aspects of cognitive functioning." As well, releasing excess weight itself may be more important for improving cardiovascular health and for reducing the risk of developing diabetes than exercise itself is.

Articles such as this one with sensational headlines can do more harm than good. The article is written from a slant that leaves the weary weight-reduction-seeker feeling that they may be better off to stop spending time in the gym. While it does promote exercise for health benefits, it leaves you feeling that if your only reason for working out is weight release, you might as well give it up.

I wish they had taken a different approach, namely: Those who are exercising regularly and adding more movement to their waking hours are doing great things for the health of their bodies, as well as mood management. Keep it up! Those who aren't yet active, start building more movement into your day, and consider adding some "purposeful" activity when you can. But put it in perspective: keep your eyes on the prize and focus on healthy eating as your main method to reach your weight release goals.

As for me, you'll find me in Body Combat 2 times a week, Body Step 2 times a week, and weight lifting 2 times a week. I love how I feel and seeing the results of my hard work, whether I lose weight not! Anyone wanna join me?!!?

ADDENDUM SEPT 9: An article published today commenting on this very same Time article : Experts weigh in after "Time" questions value of exercise

10 Keys to Weight Loss... Naturally

1. Keep your blood sugar steady: Avoid the “crash and burn” effect of refined carbs and simple sugars such as white bread, pasta, rice, potatoes, sugar and caffeine. Sugars (especially in combination with fat and salt) are addictive. By selecting whole grains and fruit and veggies as your sources of carbohydrates, and eating every 3-4 hours, you will eliminate cravings that sabotage the best of us.
   
2. Maintain good hydration: Drink hydrating beverages throughout the day, and aim for half your body weight in ounces (eg: 150 pound person should drink 75 oz or approximately 9 to 10 cups of water per day). When you become dehydrated, your metabolism slows down, toxins begin to accumulate and create a sluggish liver, and you end up with low energy, among other impacts. Your best choices are pure water, or herbal teas that contain no caffeine or sugar. If you find it hard to drink plain water, flavour it with slices of lemon, lime, grapefruit or orange. Try adding some fresh mint leaves, or even some slices of fresh ginger. This makes a refreshing summer drink, adds antioxidants and helps soothe the digestive tract.
3. Eat lots of fibre (at least 35g/day): Fibre keeps you feeling full, slows the digestion which allows the body to better absorb the vitamins and minerals from your food, lowers cholesterol helps eliminate toxins, and helps keep blood sugar steady. Best sources of fibre are veggies, fruit, whole grains, and beans/legumes.
   
4. Eat protein at every meal: Eating protein helps with the repair of muscle tissues (especially important if you’re exercising regularly, which of course you are, right?!!), and has a high thermogenic effect. In other words, it takes more energy (calories) to digest protein than any other macronutrient, so eating protein helps raise your metabolic rate. Choose lean, organic animal proteins (chicken, fish, turkey, eggs, and limited amounts of red meat), beans, tofu, nuts and seeds.
   
5. Eat adequate amounts of healthy fats (20- 30% of your daily caloric intake): Fat is not the demon it’s been made out to be! Essential fatty acids (especially Omega-3) are called “essential” for a reason – your body cannot make them itself and they are required for the structure and function of every cell in your body, especially your brain and nervous system, and your endocrine system which manages your hormones. Excellent sources of healthy fats include coconut oil, olive oil, flax oil and ground flax seeds, avocado, nuts such as almonds and walnuts, and yes, even SMALL amounts of dark chocolate.
   
6. Eat a diet of WHOLE LIVE foods: Avoid processed and refined foods, and eliminate all artificial sweeteners, MSG, and trans-fats. When you eat these refined foods, you set yourself up to crave food all the time, as your body tries to find the balance that it is programmed to expect from whole foods. Aim for a rainbow of colours on your plate from the world of fresh fruits and veggies, and select plant sources of protein more often.
   
7. Get moving daily: Incorporate activity into your day every day... park your car further from the store, take the stairs more often, scrub the floors and clean the windows.... go out for a walk, bike ride, play tennis, or take a class at the gym! You’ll burn calories during your workout, for up to 48 hours after, and in the long run, increase your metabolic rate permanently by building lean muscle mass. And the benefits of exercise for weight loss go beyond caloric burn – it also helps your body “shake off” the effects of stress, improve mood and self-esteem, create a firm and toned appearance, helps eliminate toxins through sweat which allows the liver to keep up with its many functions including directing the metabolism... the benefits are countless!
   
8. Sleep! Studies show that when we don't get enough or good quality sleep, we eat more! Establish a “bedtime routine” including some relaxation time (a warm bath, meditation or relaxation exercises, deep breathing, light reading) away from sources of electricity (like the TV or computer), and have regular bed and wake times.
   
9. Deal with emotions emotionally: Food is fuel for your body. If you find yourself thinking about food when you’re not hungry, use this as a signal that you may have some underlying emotions that are trying to talk to you. If this happens often, the old adage “It’s not what you’re eating, it’s what’s eating you” is an important key for you. Emotions need to be handled emotionally.... in other words, acknowledge them, express them, and let them go... don't swallow them along with a tub of ice cream!
   
10. Set SMART Goals: Giving yourself goals to work toward gives you something tangible to accomplish, and creates a “finish line” for you to cross. Making your goals SMART helps you know when you’ve achieved your goals so you can celebrate, and create some new goals. SMART goals are: Specific, Measureable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound.
    

AND ONE BONUS KEY:
Be kind, be patient, and be gentle with yourself. Healthy living is not an “all or nothing” thing. It is a continuum, and as you start making changes, build on them... before you know it you will be making more healthy choices than not. Aim for the 85/15 rule – 85% of your choices should be healthy whole foods, allowing for 15% “fun” foods where you may choose less than the ideal. These foods have a place in your diet too, if you make your choices consciously... remember, it’s about Body, Mind, and Spirit. When you choose those “Spirit” foods, don’t berate yourself for it, enjoy it fully! And then make your next choice a healthy one. Acknowledge the hard work you’re doing every day, and remind yourself each night as you go to sleep that “Today I am healthier/fitter/stronger than I was yesterday.”

Inspire Yourself!